Economics Week 8 International Trade Simulation Essays

Economics Week 8 International Trade Simulation Essays Economics Week 8 International Trade Simulation Paper Economics Week 8 International Trade Simulation Paper Assignment: International Trade Simulation XECO/212 University of Phoenix David Cullipher The economy of Rodamia relies on three main areas: agriculture, industry and services. The country is surrounded by neighbors who produce similar and different products. Uthania is specialized in making chocolate and confectionary, but also produces goods such as minerals, coals and corn. On the other hand, Suntize is a tourist attraction which is good at producing electronic goods. Lastly, Alfazia is an agrarian economy and produces goods like corn, rice and cotton. In this age of globalization, the economies of the world are becoming more integrated and countries are increasingly engaging in international trade. Rodamia is no exception. Its most obvious trading partners will be Suntize, Alfazia and Uthania. International trade occurs because different countries have different comparative advantage. Comparative advantage arises when countries experience different opportunity costs when producing the same goods. For example, China has comparative advantage in producing agricultural goods when compared to a country like Singapore. This is because China is a large country with a large population and a lot of land available for plantation. On the other hand, Singapore is a small country with scarce land and a small population. As such, China is able to produce more agricultural products at a cheaper price with its cheap labor, and can devote the rest of its money to production of other goods. On the other hand, Singapore has to give up the production of a lot of goods should it decide to devote its land to agriculture. Therefore, this shows that China has a comparative advantage when it comes to the production of agricultural goods. On the other hand, absolute advantage occurs when a country is able to produce more products using a lower amount of resources when compared to another country. For example, America is able to produce more cars using fewer resources than Africa due to its high levels of technology. As such, America has absolute advantage in producing cars and this is a big advantage. The same theories apply to Rodamia. In the first year, Rodamia should give export incentives to cheese and DVD players since it has comparative advantage in these areas. In addition, the country should import corn from Uthania, watches from Suntize and no product from Alfazia. This is in line with the comparative advantages which these countries have and helps to maximize the benefits for Rodamia. Even though Rodamia does not have absolute advantage in this scenario, trading with other countries which are more efficient in producing other goods will still bring about benefits to the country. In international trade, countries are able to focus on the production of goods which they are most efficient at. As such, they are able to increase output of goods and services. Through trading, countries are able to enjoy more goods and services than it could without trading. For example, when Rodamia trades cheese with corn with Uthania. It is able to enjoy more corn and cheese than it could if it divides its resources equally for the production of two goods without international trade. The increase in level of outputs by Rodamia and countries in the region will help to promote economic development. This can help to increase standard of living. In addition, it will also add value and confidence in the region and help to attract foreign investors into the region. This will further help to develop the economy and create more jobs. Other than economic benefits discussed above, international trade can also help to enhance political ties between countries. For example, trade between Rodamia and Uthania will help to enhance the ties between the two countries and this can help to prevent conflicts between the neighboring countries. However, international trade is also associated with disadvantages and limitations as well. In the case of Rodamia, it was believed that Suntize engaged in illegal dumping behavior in Rodamia. It was found that Suntize has priced its watches much lower than the price it has set in its domestic economy. As such, this has harmed the watch industry in Rodamia. This demonstrates the increase in competition which international trades which can harm domestic companies and force them to close down. One of the methods which Rodamia has taken to solve the problem was to impose quotas and taxes. Even though such measures can prevent problems like dumping, it can result in retaliation by other countries. This means that other countries will likewise impose protectionist measures and this will hinder the export of Rodamia’s goods to other countries. Exchange rate is affected by demand and supply. When demand for a particular country’s goods is high, it will increase demand for its currency and thus causes the currency to appreciate. On the other hand, when demand for the country’s goods fall, the demand for its currency will fall and this will cause it to depreciate. Similarly, when supply of money increases, it will cause the currency to depreciate. However, when supply of money decreases, it will cause the currency to appreciate. Exchange rate is an important factor in international trade. It can affect balance of trade which is a component of gross domestic product. For example, when the currency of Rodamia depreciates, its products will be relatively cheaper in foreign currency while foreign products will be relatively dearer in domestic currency. This will result in an increase in demand for Rodamia’s exports and a decrease in demand for foreign goods. As such, this will increase balance of trade and thus increase gross domestic product for the country. On the other hand, when the currency of Rodamia appreciates, its products will be relatively dearer in foreign currency while foreign products will be relatively cheaper in domestic currency. This will result in a decrease in demand for Rodamia’s exports and an increase in demand for foreign goods. This will decrease balance of trade and thus decrease gross domestic product. In conclusion, international trade is very important to Rodamia. It needs to be noted that comparative advantage is dynamic; as such the country needs to keep check of comparative advantages as well as that of other countries so that it can make trading decisions to maximize its welfare. Similarly, given that exchange rate plays a large part in influencing international trade, the government should manage the exchange rate on a frequent basis. References â€Å"Absolute Advantage†. Retrieved July 27,2011 investopedia. com/terms/a/absoluteadvantage. asp

3 Easy Content Optimization Tips Every Blogger Should Focus On

3 Easy Content Optimization Tips Every Blogger Should Focus On You may be producing regular content as a way to drive traffic to your blog, but are you testing that content just like you would test any other landing page? Content marketing- or using your blog as a tool for traffic growth- is a great way to encourage readers to visit your site, share your content with others, and hopefully become a verified lead that you can follow up with. But this doesn’t happen automatically. You need to make sure that your content creation process has a suitable content optimization layer. Just like the rest of your site and business. Here’s the key thought- you know that good optimization and A/B testing works on landing pages, home pages, and product pages, but are you properly testing things where your regular content lives? On your blog, for example? With all of the knowledge out there about content optimization, it can be easy to apply the same scientific process to optimize your content marketing. There are  three simple methods you can use to optimize your content, and help you introduce an optimization layer to your blog. The result? More traffic, more shares, and more leads- it’s as simple as that. 3 Ways To Optimize Your Content For More Traffic And ConversionsTip  1: Optimize Your Content To Get More Traffic If you use a blog to create content and as a marketing tool, then one of your key metrics for success is the inbound traffic that comes in at the top of your funnel. While traffic  isn’t the only metric that matters, it is an important place to start. Its also one of the areas that deserves some heavy content optimization. There are three primary sources of traffic that you can optimize. Source #1- social media When new content goes live, you should be sharing it across all of your social media properties. Did you know that this process can be tested so that it will bring in more traffic? One of the ways to test this is to create a social sharing schedule that simply distributes  your social messages more than once on each network. Share your content more than once on social media. You can see the different times well share this post on different social networks. For this, you should be testing different times to post your content and different messages that may drive better results. We were able to double our own traffic with this process. Use a #socialmedia sharing schedule to share your #contentmarketing at just the right time.Source #2- email marketing Most email marketing software makes it super easy to A/B test your email subject lines, or pretty much any of the content within the email itself.  This is an important practice that is easy to implement. In fact, we never send out a major email that doesn’t have an A/B test built in. Always A/B test your email subject lines. After A/B testing our own email subject lines for months, we’ve been able to draw several conclusions about how to make our audience more likely to consume and share our content. The results for your audience will be different, but it is such an easy place to do testing,  itss  almost a no-brainer. Source #3- SEO and  SEM Most of us are regularly optimizing our blog content based on keywords that potential customers and readers might search for on Google. This is a smart practice, and one that you can easily A/B test. What you need to do is narrow your content down to one or two different keywords or keyword phrases that you think your visitors are the most likely to use. From there, optimize your content accordingly and make a small AdWords campaign for each keyword phrase that you are testing. After you run the paid campaigns for a few weeks, you should get a clear picture of what keyword will bring the most click-throughs, and you can optimize your content according to that keyword. For more tips on A/B testing your SEO pages, check out this excellent guide on the KISSmetrics blog. Optimize your current #blog content by #ABtesting with an AdWords campaign.Tip 2: Optimize Your Headlines  To Get More Shares After reaching a milestone of more than one million headlines in our database, our team started to wonder if we could find a way to predict how likely a headline was to be shared on social media. To our surprise, we found a little secret. Emotional headlines are in fact more likely to be shared via social media. With that in mind, we decided it was time to build a new tool to combine that data with everything else we know that makes up the best headlines. Thats the headline analyzer. Content with headlines scoring 70 or better with the headline analyzer  are  some of the most likely to be shared. This means that one of the best ways to get more shares is to write better headlines, and there are some easy ways to test those headlines as you learn. A/B test your headlines. Buffer, for example, has outlined their own process for A/B testing headlines on their blog. Their method is simple. By sending out a couple tweets with two alternate headlines, they are able to see which headline gets the most attention on Twitter. From there, they can adjust their post to accommodate the winning headline. Another option for A/B testing your headlines is by using the KingSumo Headlines WordPress Headline tool, which allows you to test multiple headlines at once. Over time, the tool will automatically select the best headline to use permanently going forward. It is a great ‘set it and forget it’ option. Write Better Headlines With A  Free Headline Analyzer The headline analyzer  will help you: Use headline types that get the most traction for social shares, traffic, and search engine ranking. Make sure you have the right word balance to write readable headlines that command attention. See the best  word and character length for search engines like Google and email subject lines, while also seeing  how your readers will scan your headlines. Try The Free Headline Analyzer Now Optimize your #headlines to increase your #socialmedia shares.Tip 3: Optimize Your Content To Get More Leads So, you’ve optimized your content to get more traffic and more shares, but what are you doing with all of those new visitors? Hopefully, youre converting some of those visitors into leads. This is another area that begs for some efficient A/B testing. Test different lead collection methods. There are several methods you can use to collect email leads, and even a few simple plugins that will help you with the process. But don’t take the default settings for granted. You need to test the methods for finding leads. For example, Noah Kagan recently shared his extensive pop-up box testing. He was able to determine the best time to display a pop-up box and learned exactly how often he could display it without annoying his readers. A few of the things that you should be A/B testing include: The overall look and feel of your lead collection area. We were able to increase conversions by switching from a blue to an orange option form. A simple change with a big result. The copy and content displayed on your lead collection form. Can you increase conversions by adding social proof? How long a user needs to be on your page before seeing your lead collection form. Noah Kagan found the magic number to be 5 seconds. Various methods and locations for lead collection. For example, does a pop-up or slide-in lead collection form perform better? Test different signup offers. Another thing you can test is the offer you make visitors in exchange for signing up. For example, does offering them a valuable piece of content improve conversions? We found that by offering a free e-book or download, we were able to double our conversion rate over night.

Financial Accounting Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Financial Accounting Theory - Essay Example One of the prominent implementations of accounting theory is in terms of developing normative standards. In these regards, accounting theory functions as a means of legitimizing the discipline of accounting in that articulates standards and regulations that establish public faith in the process (Deegan & Unerman 2011). Specific instances such prescriptive theories are implemented can be witnessed in terms of assets, wherein normative theories explore how these elements should be recorded (Deegan & Unerman 2011). Another such instance is prescriptive standards regarding the amount of accounting information that should be supplied to various stakeholders. In addition to normative accounting theories, there is also predictive or positivist accounting theories. Positivist theory seeks to develop predictive insights based on objective occurrences. There is an array of positivist perspectives. For instance, it’s noted that positivist theory seeks to make predications regarding the n ature of managerial compensation and accounting practices (Deegan & Unerman 2011). In these ways positivist accounting theories function both to allow investors or stakeholders increased insight into accounting motivations, as well as a means of gaining a broader understanding of financial markets as a means of contributing to more accurate normative structures. There are a number of concerns related to positivist accounting theory. To an extent I would say that I am a positivist. The notion of positivist accounting is linked to philosophical notions of theory. While one of the central tenants of positivist accounting theory is that markets are efficient, clearly this constitutes a weak version of the EMH as contained within it is the notion that corporations and accountants will act in self-interest contingent upon at times a partial understanding that accounting procedures will affect market conditions (Tinker, Merino, and Neimark 1982). I accept the notion this weak notion of EMH , with markets responding to all available information, but also recognize that in many situations human behavior plays a highly important role in security valuations. Not simply in investor behavior, but also in the self-interested behavior of accounting professionals. Considering that markets are oftentimes driven by external and internal behavioral elements the propensity of a positivist approach to accounting theory, while to a great degree fallible, nonetheless holds the propensity towards tangible and functional insight (Chua 1986). In these regards I believe that positivist theoretical explanations of accounting practices and market conditions are essential to a progressive understanding of both human behavior and market impact. Ultimately, a furthered understanding, while understandable imperfect, can still contribute to more equitable and transparent accounting practices. In these regards, I while I would not entirely refer to myself as positivist; I recognize the importanc e and effectiveness of positivist theory to the accounting profession. 2. Explain why you think regulation of financial accounting is needed or not needed. Recent occurrences in financial markets have brought to light the tremendous need for regulation of financial accounting. From an overarching qualitative perspective, one considers erroneous accounting procedures in organizations such as Enron, or the recent MF Global scandal wherein customer funds were inappropriately

Persuasive memo Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Persuasive memo - Coursework Example rse was specifically created to cater the needs of the busy individuals such as myself as the courses are designed for weekend class attendance and internet correspondence between the professor and the student during weekdays. As such, I do not expect any scheduling conflicts to arise between my work schedule and class hours. Upon my completion of the course, I plan to offer myself up to the company as a trainer for incoming agents who will be answering the email inquiries of the Cignal clients. I will be able to transfer my knowledge of proper writing habits and presenting oneself through the written word which is a skill that most of our agents still need to perfect. The company will be able to save thousands of dollars in hiring outside trainers once I complete the course. We will be able to create our own in house training system using the knowledge I will be gaining and therefore, offer the company continuous savings in terms of agent training. I have been a part of Cignal for the past 5 years and I have always taken every opportunity to help advance the business of our company. It is my greatest hope that you will find me worthy of financial support in the amount of Five Thousand Dollars ($5,000.00) so that I can continue to further hone my skills for the benefit of our

Global Warming Issues Facing the U.S. Today Essay Example for Free

Global Warming Issues Facing the U.S. Today Essay Throughout history, the fastest increase rate in the average global temperature has been recorded during the past 50 years, and experts further believe that the trend is alarmingly accelerating. Global warming is a complex phenomenon, and its full-blown consequences are difficult to foresee ahead of time. Nevertheless, every year scientists gain more knowledge of how global warming is upsetting the planet, and many have the same opinion that definite outcomes are expected to take place if present trends persist. Unless Americans reduce global warming emissions, distressing and almost irreversible impact on the country, planet and its life will be greatly expected in the near future. United States Issues Air pollutants, particularly carbon dioxide that is accumulating in the atmosphere is condensing extensively, trapping the heat of the sun and causing the earth to warm up. Despite the fact that Americans make up merely 4 percent of the world’s inhabitants, yet through fossil-fuel burning, they generate roughly 25 percent of the worldwide carbon dioxide pollution, which is considerably the largest share of any nation (â€Å"Global Warming Basics†). In the United States, the largest sources of carbon dioxide are the coal-burning power plants, producing 2. 5 billion tons annually; while automobiles running throughout the country’s streets are the second largest source, producing almost 1. 5 billion tons each year (â€Å"Global Warming Basics†). In the United States, global warming is already causing damage in its numerous regions. In June 2006, a panel organized by the United States National Research Council, the leading science policy body of the country, expressed confidence that the planet is the hottest it has been in at least four centuries, and probably even the last 20 centuries (â€Å"Global Warming†). Snow buildup in the United States has declined by almost 60 percent and winter seasons have abridged in a number of regions of the Cascade Range in Washington and Oregon since the early 1950s (â€Å"Global Warming Basics†). Oregon, Arizona and Colorado suffered their most terrible wildlife seasons, and drought produced relentless dust storms in Kansas, Colorado and Montana, and floods caused hundreds of millions of dollars in destruction in North Dakota, Kansas, Colorado and Montana. All the same, by the last part of the century, global warming is expected to further elevate the typical temperatures of the United States to three to nine degrees, which is expected to affect more of the country’s species and wildlife that cannot endure warmer environments. Americans wellbeing is as well in jeopardy, as abnormal climate changes may bring about the spread of certain illnesses, a greater possibility of heat stroke, poor air quality, and the flooding of the country’s foremost cities. Conclusion America must take a leadership function in solving the global warming crisis. Technologies exist today that make power plants produce electricity from nonpolluting sources, cars burn less gas and run cleaner, and electricity consumption lower and more efficient. Americans can take the initial move in seriously campaigning for energy conservation and manufacturing of more efficient appliances, as well as increase their reliance on renewable energy sources such as geothermal, sun and wind. Currently, the challenge for the country is to be certain that these solutions are implemented. Unfortunately, while the technologies are present, the country’s political and corporate will to put them into extensive exploitation are waning. Without doubt, every Americans must demand for it if development and environmental sustainability are desired to be achieved. Works Cited â€Å"Global Warming. † 2008. Standford SOLAR Center. 16 March 2009 http://solar-center. stanford. edu/sun-on-earth/glob-warm. html. â€Å"Global Warming Basics. † 18 October 2005. Natural Resources Defense Council. 16 March 2009 http://www. nrdc. org/globalWarming/f101. asp.

Indecision, Hesitation and Delay in Shakespeares Hamlet - Hamlets Delay In Killing Claudius :: Shakespeare Hamlet Essays

Hamlet: Theories Of Hamlet's Delay In Killing Claudius There are several theories about why Hamlet, the main character of Shakespeare's masterpiece, Hamlet, delays in killing his Uncle, King Claudius. As the son of a murdered noble, Hamlet is obligated to avenge the death of his father. However, the act is never performed until the end of the play... quite some time after Hamlet discovered Claudius was his father's killer. Some historians and literary experts would say Hamlet's strong religious bonds prevented him from performing the sinful deed. Others would have it that Hamlet was a melancholic and therefore was too intellectual to kill his uncle. Infamous psychologist, Sigmund Freud, felt Hamlet suffered from an Oedipal complex and could not kill Claudius because he himself wished to be in Claudius' place. Hamlet delays in killing Claudius not only because he's suffering from an Oedipal complex but also because he is far too sane or practical to commit an act of murder. In other words, basic sanity keeps him from killing Claudius. In society we are taught that those who commit murder are sick or insane. However, Hamlet's society believes the son of a murdered noble is responsible for avenging his father. When the ghost of King Hamlet appears and tells his son Claudius killed him by pouring poison in his ear, Hamlet does not act upon the word of the specter. He takes time to think about what the apparition told him. He contemplates whether it is a good ghost or a bad ghost. He plans things out; analyses situations. When the actors came to town, Hamlet implores one of them, "Dost thou hear me old friend? Can you play The Murder of Gonzago?" (88) The player agrees that he can indeed perform the play. "We'll ha't tomorrow night. You could for a need study a speech of some dozen or sixteen lines which I could set down and insert in't, could you not." (88) Here Hamlet has devised a scheme to discover whether his Uncle truly murdered his father. The play which Hamlet wishes to be performed is one involving a murder similar to that which the ghost described. "The play's the thing wherein I'll catch the conscience of the King." (90) Hamlet 's famous quote means he will study Claudius while the play is being performed. Should the King's manor change in accordance with the play, Hamlet will know the ghost's story is true through his well thought out scheme. Another example of Hamlet's cleverness is displayed when he switches the notes unbeknownst to Guildenstern and Rosencrantz. Claudius, realizing Hamlet is

New school Essay

Adjusting to a new school is difficult for anyone, and those difficulties are magnified when a person is faced with an alien or hostile culture. In reading these two essays, the difficulties of the two writers fall into several categories. These categories are physical, emotional, educational, economic, and political and the family stresses that result from the new educational process that the child is subjected to. While there may be many more, these stand out as significant in helping or hindering in the assimilation process. The physical changes that one may undergo are most acutely seen in Zitkala-Sa’s essay. In her writing, she clearly outlines how she was not permitted to wear her traditional clothes or shoes, and that she even went to the extent of hiding to avoid having her hair cut. In her culture, having short hair was the sign of a coward, and she did not was the ignominy that having short hair would have meant. Once she was back on the reservation, she even writes that she â€Å"threw away her shoes† and was back in her moccasins. She desired to shed all the conventions of western life as soon as she could. The emotional tolls are much higher. Ning Yu writes that in order to understand English, he came up with comparatives in Chinese. While they were not as flattering, it was his way of coping emotionally with being forced to hate a culture he had never seen. When his adulterations of the language were discovered, he lived with the stress of wondering if he would be sent to jail for saying unflattering things about Chairman Mao. The emotional toll also played on his father, who watched his son struggle with a difficult language, and then taught him how to be fully literate in that self-same language. In Zitkala-Sa’s story, we see that she was terribly unhappy with what she was being subjected to. From hiding under a bed to crying in her mother’s arms, she shows quite succinctly how the idea of being assimilated into white society was affecting her. Her mother, while very upset that her daughter was upset, tries to console her by telling her to read the â€Å"white man’s papers (202)†. She shows herself to be a bit more pragmatic. She understands that for her daughter to be successful, she must be subjected to the inhumanity of going to the white man’s schools. The educational tolls are also high. Ning Yu and Zitkala-Sa were both initially resistant to the changes that were thrust upon them. By the end of their stories, they are both at some level embracing the language and the culture that they were being taught. By the end of Ning Yu’s essay, he was earning a living shoveling dung and selling it, and was proud of the â€Å"drudgery† that he had performed when he was struggling to read Pride and Prejudice (181). In Zitkala-Sa’s essay, we find that she wanted to go to the same party as her cousin, even though that cousin was dressed in the clothes of the white man (202). There existed within these two individuals a need for acceptance within the new language system and society that was being thrust upon them, and the internal struggle that came with that wrought an enormous emotional toll. The economic stresses are also severe. This is most apparent in Ning-Yu’s essay, when he talks about the differences between â€Å"black† and â€Å"red† Chinese people. He was a â€Å"black† Chinese, and his professor was considered a loyal â€Å"red† Chinese. He lived in a poor slum area of his city, and his family had been split apart. His father, who had been a professor, was disgraced for consorting with the British, and was considered a pariah. Zitkala-Sa was not from a wealthy family, but she was still considered a pariah in her own right because she was not a white child, and was being thrust into a white school with a completely different socieo-economic strata that she was not accustomed to. The political stresses were also severe. There was a complete and total expectation that these two were the new breed for their society and would lead them to a new era of success. This is most clearly seen in Ning-Yu’s essay. It is very clear that the whole motive for Ning-Yu’s education in English is to assimilate him into a new culture, and as a political maneuver by the regime of Chairman Mao. Finally, the family stresses are immense. Ning-Yu’s father was taken away from him for over a year and a half. At some level, Ning-Yu’s father may have been proud of his son, but at the same time, he knew that his son was being trained to be alienated from him. Zitkala-Sa’s family struggled with the assimilation of their child into a foreign culture while they watched their own culture slip away. There is no easy answer to these problems. The time that is taken away from these children can never be given back. It takes years to see the damage, if any, that the forcing of language and culture has on a person of foreign birth. In both of these cases, there appears to be no consideration for the home lives or the individual nature of these children. Instead, they are treated like cattle and are forced into a cultural melange that they do not understand or want to understand. Viewed with the hindsight of history, we must see that children are people, and are also individuals, and should be treated as such. The ultimate goal in assimilating a language or culture should also be in maintaining a pride and a link to their rich cultural past.

Computional Fluid Dynamics Through a Pipe

Table of Contents INTRODUCTION3 Method:3 Part 23 Part 33 Part 44 Part 54 RESULTS4 Part 14 Part 26 Part 36 Part 46 Part 5:6 DISCUSSION7 CONCLUSION7 REFERENCES7 INTRODUCTION The main objective of this assignment is to simulate a 3-D air flow in a pipe using Ansys CFX. The pipe was simulated under specific conditions. These conditions are air temperature to be 25? C (degrees Celsius), one atmospheric reference pressure, no heat transfer and laminar flow. The results from the simulation of laminar flow in the pipe were compared with the theoretical ones.Also the mesh was refined in the simulation to see if it is possible to get more accurate results using grid convergence analysis. Method: The pipe used in the simulation has dimensions of a 0. 5m axial length and a radial diameter of 12mm. The air entering the pipe, inlet velocity, is set to 0. 4 m/s at a temperature of 25? C and one atmospheric pressure. No slip condition was set on the pipe walls. The outlet of pipe was set to zero gau ge average static pressure. In CFX a mesh was formed on the pipe with a default mesh spacing (element size) of 2mm.Figure (1) and (2) shows the setup of the model before simulation was preformed Figure 1: Mesh without Inflation Figure 1: Mesh without Inflation Figure 2: Mesh with Inflation Part 2 Calculating the pressure drop ? p=fLD? Ub22Equation (1) Calculating Reynolds number Re=UbD/? Equation (2) Friction Factorf=64/ReEquation (3) The results were calculated using excel, and plotted in Figure (3). Part 3 Estimating the entrance pipe length Le: Le/D=0. 06ReEquation (4) Having Re=UbD/? Equation (3) The simulated results of velocity vs. axial length were plotted in Figure (5).From the graph the Le (entrance pipe length) was determined by estimating the point in the x-axis where the curve is straight horizontal line. Part 4 Comparison of the radial distribution of the axial velocity in the fully developed region in the simulated model against the following analytical equation: UUmax = 1-rr02 Equation (5) The results were calculated using excel, and plotted in Figure (4). Part 5 The simulation was performed three times, each time with a different grid setting. The numbers of nodes were 121156,215875 and 312647 for the 1st, 2nd and 3rd simulation.RESULTS Part 1 Figure 3: Pressure Distribution vs. Axial Length Figure 3: Pressure Distribution vs. Axial Length Figure 4: Axial Velocity vs. Radial Diameter Figure 5: Velocity vs. Axial Distance Part 2 Having: Dynamic viscosity ? = 1. 835Ãâ€"10-5 kg/ms and Density ? = 1. 184 kg/m3 Reynolds Number Re=UbD? == 261. 58 Friction Factorf=64Re== 0. 244667 ?p=0. 965691 Pa From the simulation the pressure estimated at the inlet is ? p=0. 96562 Pa (0. 95295-0. 965691)/0. 965691*100 = 1. 080 % Part 3 Having Re=UbD? =261. 58 The entrance pipe length Le: Le=0. 06Re*D = 0. 188 mFrom the graph in Figure (3) the Le is estimated to be ~ 0. 166667 ((0. 166667-0. 188)/0. 188)*100 = 11. 73% Part 4 From the graph in Figure 2 the theoretic al velocity at the center of the pipe is estimated to be 0. 8 m/s. From the simulation the velocity at the center of the pipe is estimated to be 0. 660406 m/s. ((0. 688179-0. 8)/0. 8)*100= 13. 98% Part 5: Table 1: Percentage Error for Each Simulation Number of Nodes| Axial Velocity % error (%)| Pressure % error (%) | 120000 Simulated I| 13. 98| 1. 31| 215000 Simulated II| 12. 42| 2. 24| 312000 Simulated III| 12. 38| 2. 28|Figure 6: Percentage Error vs. Number of Nodes Figure 6: Percentage Error vs. Number of Nodes The percentage error for the axial velocity results from the 1st, 2nd and 3rd simulation were calculated and plotted in Figure (6), as well as the pressure result along the pipe. Table (1) shows the axial velocity and pressure percentage error for each simulation. DISCUSSION After the simulation was successfully done on Ansys CFX and the simulated results were compared with theoretical results, it was found that the simulated results have slight deviation from theoretical ones. In PART 2, he pressure in the simulated result differed by the theoretical by a 1. 080%, for 1st simulation. In PART 3, the simulated results for entrance pipe length, Le, differed from the theoretical results by 11. 73%. In PART 4, Figure (4), the simulated velocity curve is less accurate than that of the theoretical. In PART 5, meshing refinements and inflation were done to the simulation in order to getting better results. Figures (6) show with more nodes and inflation the accuracy of the results increases. Increasing the nodes gradually was found to be an advantage where higher or more accurate results were obtained.This is noted in grid convergence graph, Figure (6), as the number of nodes increase the pressure percentage error is converging to 2% while for velocity percentage error is converging to 12%. On the other hand, the percentage error increased with the increase of the number of nodes while the velocity error decreased with the increase of number of nodes. In Par t 2 the percentage error for pressure drop is 1. 080%, for 1st simulation. But when trying to increase the accuracy of the simulated velocity result by refining the meshing and adding nodes the pressure drop percentage error increases, as shown in figure (6).This is due to that Darcy-Weisbach equation, equation (1), assumes constant developed flow all along the pipe where in the simulated results the flow is observed to become developed father down the pipe from the inlet. This is assumed to change the pressure distribution along the pipe. CONCLUSION More nodes used in meshing will produce more accurate and precise results, as shown in Figure (6). Also the meshing plays a vital rule on the sensitivity of results in terms of the accuracy of these results. REFERENCES [1]Fluid Mechanics Frank M. White Sixth edition. 2006

Chemistry of the stratosphere Essay Example

Chemistry of the stratosphere Essay Example Chemistry of the stratosphere Essay Chemistry of the stratosphere Essay Measurements can be taken using the helium balloons. A 10 miles long cord is used to attach the balloon and the measuring device which can be reeled in and out to take measurements at different altitudes. Spectroscopic measurements can also be taken from the ground stations by looking upwards through the vertical column of the air. Laboratory measurements We need to know which species absorb solar radiation, the wavelength of the radiation absorbed and the strength of the radiation. It is also important to know which products are formed as a result of which reaction and the rate of the reaction, using the flash photolysis technique. In this, an intense laser flash starts the reaction and the composition is measured spectroscopically using a carefully times second flash. Meteorology It is essential to know about the conditions in the stratosphere and the how the gases mix up. Distances are vast in the stratosphere and the mixing between the vertical layers is slow, whereas air circulating around latitude lines, help gasses to mix within a layer. The information collected by the sources mentioned above is used to create models and therefore make predictions. Evidence that led scientists to link ozone depletion with the use of CFCs In 1972, a method of detecting the CFCs in the troposphere was developed. A gas chromatograph was used to split the air into different components. This was coupled to an electron-capture detector which was sensitive to the halogen compounds. Small concentrations of CCl3F in rural areas were detected, which was able to diffuse intact to Antarctica. It was thought that a CFC molecule would get involved in the following reaction. The Cl radicals could destroy the ozone in the reaction shown in the diagram. This information lead to the conclusion that Cl radicals had a very long lifetime and one radical could destroy 100 000 molecules of ozone. Extensive global monitoring of CFCs was carried out and this amount was compared with the amounts released in troposphere and it was concluded that most of the molecules released were still there. The chemicals reactions by which ozone is depleted in the stratosphere and why ozone depletion is most severe over Antarctica in the southern spring. Ozone depletion occurs by the release of CFCs and some other ozone-depleting substances. A single chlorine atom can break about 1million ozone molecules. When CFCs reach the stratosphere, the strong ultraviolet radiation from the sun breaks them apart, releasing chlorine which react with ozone. Cl + O3 ClO + O2 ClO formed is another radical which reacts with oxygen atoms. ClO + O2 Cl + O2 This could start the chemical cycles of ozone destruction depleting the ozone layer. Cl atoms are regenerated and can go on to react with more O3 Following is another way that the ozone could be removed. O + O3 O2 + O2 Hydroxyl radicals can also play a part in the depletion of ozone. HO + O3 HO2 + O2 The HO2 could then react with oxygen atoms. HO2 + O HO + O2 The ozone depletion is most severe over Antarctica in the southern spring which results from the weather conditions in winter because the sun disappears for a period of six months. Air cools down making the temperature fall and clouds form in the stratosphere. These clouds contain particles of nitric acid triydrate (HNO33H2O) below 195K which are frozen around the sulphuric acid nuclei. A decrease in temperature leads to the condensation of water vapour as ice on the surface of these particles. The solid particles provide a surface for the chemical reactions to take place. Chlorine reservoirs collect on these surfaces and react. HCl + ClONO2 cloud Cl2 + HNO3 surface These chlorine atoms are released into the stratosphere. Te return of sunlight after six months splits the chlorine molecules into chlorine atoms which leads to dramatic fall in the ozone concentration. Why the CFCs have been used so widely and the advantages and disadvantages of their replacements Chlorofluorocarbons are found to combine lox toxicity, high chemical stability and non-flammability with good performance. CFCs and the HCFCs were use as refrigerants because they have appropriate boiling point which is low enough to evaporate efficiently but high enough to liquefy by compression. They also have a freezing point low enough to prevent the liquid from solidifying. CFCs were used for several applications, which include air conditioners, water chillers, aerosols, domestic fridges and freezers, dry cleaning and biomedical freezers. After discovering about the ozone depletion related to the use of CFCs, various other substances were to be found which would be environmentally friendly. HFCs seemed like the solution. The hydro fluorocarbons (HFCs) compounds contain only carbon, hydrogen and fluorine. They are chosen because they contain fluorine as their only halogen. Free fluorine atoms can only be liberated from a fluorine-containing substance by putting in a considerable amount of energy. This required energy input is far more than is available in the solar radiation I the stratosphere. If the fluorine atom was to be produced, it would be highly reactive and would abstract a hydrogen atom from a molecule like water to form an inert hydrogen fluoride. No free fluorine atoms in the stratosphere would lead to no ozone destruction. Also, HFCs are usually destroyed in the lower atmosphere by hydroxyl radicals so only a small proportion can reach the stratosphere. The disadvantage of using HFCs is that the equipment was designed to optimise the performance of CFCs and HCFCs and the use of HFCs would mean the redesigning of all the equipment. In future, cooling technologies not involving HFCs maybe introduced, especially where they have technical advantages and where the potential hazards can be easily controlled. Bibliography 1) How do we know that CFCs destroy the ozone layer? By Mike Pilling. Chemistry Review, March 1993. Philip Allan Publishers Ltd. 2) The rise and fall of CFCs by Dr Richard Dick Powel. Chemistry Review, September 1996. Philip Allan Publishers Ltd:Â  epa.gov

Hand Over Hand Prompting in Special Education

Hand Over Hand Prompting in Special Education Prompting is an important tool in teaching children with disabilities, especially children with disabilities that significantly effect their ability to learn functional or life skills. Prompting happens across a continuum, from the most invasive, physical prompts, to the least invasive, gestural prompts. What Is Hand Over Hand Prompting? Hand over hand prompting is the most invasive of all prompting strategies. Also known as a full physical prompt, it can often involve actually doing the activity with the student. The person teaching the skill places his hand over the hand of the student, and may actually manipulate the hand of the child. Hand over hand prompting may help a young child learn how to manipulate a pair of scissor, either regular student scissors or special spring scissors. The goal of the teacher/practitioner is to begin to fade the hand over hand prompt, perhaps pairing it with a verbal prompt as the physical prompt is faded. Sometimes the hand over prompt can be faded to a less invasive prompt, such as a finger tap on the back of childs hand, to remind them of the hand formation. Example of Hand Over Hand Prompting Emily, a six-year-old with multiple disabilities, requires a very high level of support to learn life skills. Her aide, Ms. Ramona, places her hand over Emilys to provide hand over hand support as she learns to brush her teeth. Ms. Ramona shapes Emilys hand into a brush grip and then holds that grip as she moves the brush back and forth in her mouth.

Fragile X Syndrome PowerPoint Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Fragile X Syndrome - PowerPoint Presentation Example Many of the people who suffer from the syndrome have some cognitive weaknesses in their cognitive development, including the processes of thinking, problem solving, concept understanding, information processing and overall intelligence. Their overall potential tends to be lower than that of their peers and siblings, but they can nonetheless have patterns of strength too in their development and do very well in certain aspects of learning and cognition. As many as 80% of males with the syndrome are described as "cognitively delayed". Older studies suggested that nearly all the boys or men with the syndrome have a moderate or severe mental retardation. Today there is more accuracy in the testing and in recognizing all those with the syndrome (not only those who were institutionalized, on which these previous studies were carried out), and only 10-15% of the males tested have the IQ that fits a borderline or mild mental retardation. There are a number of boys and girls with the full mutation of the syndrome. They are described as learning disabled, as their overall intelligence is at least at the low average range but they have specific strengths and weaknesses in their cognitive learning ("Cognitive Development Characteristics", 2009). Cognition is also affected by Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), seizure disorders, anxiety, disorders in speech and language, sensory motor problems and other factors ("Cognitive Development Characteristics", 2009). In boys and men, there are several points of strength in cognition. These include verbal labeling, single word vocabulary and receptive (listening) vocabulary. Also, the vocabulary for subjects of interest may be higher than expected. Furthermore, visual matching and visual perception tasks with meaningful information (a familiar object, for example) are often performed well. Memory for situations and for favorite TV shows, song and videos is