The Epic of Gilgamesh Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

The Epic of Gilgamesh - Essay Example Gilgamesh basically describes the reason as to how and why Gilgamesh was thought of as a role model for the coming classic poems of the time. It has brought to the notice the beauty tangents and the power of the relationship that Gilgamesh and Enkidu had between them. Within the Epic of Gilgamesh, the bond which was demonstrated between Gilgamesh and Enkidu is distinctive in its own right. The reason for this is that the two an adversarial relationship with one another. Being a fable of love and that too in its truest form, Gilgamesh is an epic without a shadow of a doubt. It has involved lingering grief which has caused pivotal changes to take place within his character. Gilgamesh is a story of a person who is both respected as well as feared at the same time. He loves and shows hatred; he is one person who lives life to the maximum possible levels. Even though Gilgamesh’s voyage is larger than life, yet somehow or the other it ends up with death. The fate of mankind is expos ed through Gilgamesh and thus the undeniable factor of change gets its manifestation as well. Gilgamesh exhibited true power before the arrival of Enkidu (Kovacs 1989). There was no other human being who had equal match when it came to Gilgamesh himself. He showed his personal liking to glory and power and the best part was that he boasted with regards to the very same. He abused power in addition to showing off his attitude (and arrogance). The city of Uruk went into a state of injustice and people were ferocious all round. However Gilgamesh did not mend his ways and continue to display his wrath and power to all and sundry. It was after the death of Enkidu that Gilgamesh tried his levels best to explore the ways to reach immortality as he attempted to cross the ocean. He wanted to find the same in a pretty dire fashion. He did his best to carve out a life which had immortality written all over it. He continued with his expedition in an out and out fashion. His state of being like this was in essence entirely different from the arrogance that he showed at the starting of the epic itself. Thus he transformed into a scary person more than anything else. Also the slain of Humbaba changed Gilgamesh in entirety (Foster 2005). Since Humbaba was considered evil right from the onset, a number of people who were residents of Uruk started to fear Gilgamesh. Some people would reckon that Gilgamesh himself is a representation of evil but then again there could be debates in the wake of such a proposition. The fact that he used to have sex with the virgins, going about doing things on his and offending the gods at his own free will is a manifestation of what his personality was in essence. Gilgamesh was able to pen his name as a successful hero. However the price he had to pay for it is something totally different. Much could be written about the very same.  The amount of loss and suffering which was eventually put down on the part of the people, perhaps he could have m ade an effort to turn things around and do something different. As a matter of fact, Gilgamesh and his brother were able to achieve what the rest of the people could not even think of in those times. Gilgamesh and Enkidu were able to capture the world under their feet but the untimely death of Enkidu changed everything. Gilgamesh started to understand that he was just a human

Women Roles in Near and Middle Eastern, African and European Societies Research Paper

Women Roles in Near and Middle Eastern, African and European Societies - Research Paper Example Prior to the advent of Islam, the role and status of women was dependent on the tribe and area they belonged to or e.g. the Bedouin, the tribes of the south of the Arabian Peninsula, the tribes of Mecca etc. But the overall condition was still very bad because of the prevalence of customs like infanticide and unlimited polygamy. Women had virtually no legal status and no right to either inheritance or to divorce. V. M. Moghadam studied their situation and argues that the position of women was mostly influenced by the extent of urbanization, industrialization, and the political ploys of the management (Moghadam 4-9). Women had no role in the politics and had no suffrage rights. They were good only for producing male babies; female babies were even buried alive out of shame. Women were sold into marriages by their guardians and the suitor could end the marriage whenever he liked. Hatoon al Fassi, a Saudi historian, studied much earlier historical origins of Arab women's rights by using evidence from the ancient Arabian kingdom of Nabataea. Her findings indicate that Arab women in Nabataea had independent legal personalities but they lost many of their rights through ancient Greek and Roman law prior to the arrival of Islam. Many of these constraints became the part of the culture and were retained even after the advent of Islam (al-Fassi 12-18).The advent of Islam brought a lot of betterment for the condition of the women. They were given the right of inheritance and their consent was made necessary in marriage according to the edicts of Islam. Female infanticide was strictly prohibited. Quran, the Holy Book of Islam, carried the instructions that made elevated the status of women in the society. Where women were previously not allowed to get a formal education, its acquirement was made mandatory for both men and women in Islam. Women were seen in many roles after the arrival of Islam, as educators, teachers, and scholars and even as businesswomen. Women were fou nd working in a wide range of commercial activities and diverse occupations, for e.g. as farmers construction workers, lenders, dyers, spinners, investors, doctors and nurses, presidents of guilds, peddlers, brokers, scholars, etc. Muslim women also had domination over certain branches of the textile industry which was the largest and most specialized and market-oriented industry at the time, involving them in occupations such as dyeing, spinning and embroidery. In comparison and stark contrast, the property rights and wage labor for females were relatively uncommon in Europe until the Industrial Revolution in the 18th and 19th centuries. Similarly, women started playing an important role in the foundations of Islamic educational institutions, such as Fatima al-Fihri's founding of the University of Al Karaouine in 859. This positive trend continued through to the 12th and 13th centuries, when one hundred and sixty mosques and madrasahs were established in Damascus out of which twent y six were funded by women through the Waqf (charitable trust or trust law) system (Lindsay 191-196). Women of the contemporary Arab world

Fraud Cases Essay Example for Free

Fraud Cases Essay Tan Sri Eric Chia Eng Hock or commonly known as Eric Chia is a millionaire in Malaysia ad is a former chairmain of Perwaja Steel. In June 2007, Chia discharge committing criminal breach of trust 13 years ago when embezzling money from the company of Perwaja Rolling Mail and Development Sdn Bhd of RM $76. 4 million at 19 February 1994 when was the Managing Director. In his cases, Perwaja Rolling Mill and Development Sdn Bhd in Kuala Lumpur instructed American Express Bank Limited to transfer and credit 2,890,130,210 yen (RM76. million) into Frilsham Enterprise Incorporateds account. Yvonne Lam Yuen Shan, an operations support and control manager of the bank, said she also corrected Frilsham Enterprises account number from 953601855 to 9530018552. Lam, has agreed that the amount stated was actually credited into another bank account (account number 547003027) of Frilsham Enterprise. The 2,890,130,210 yen was the specific sum of payment under the technical assistance agreement, minus the bank charges. The original payment amounted to 2,891,580,000 yen. Asked why the money was transferred to the second account instead of the earlier account, Lam said: We got confirmation from the customer that they would like the amount to be transferred into the second account. We executed the clients request to credit into the account. Chia is accused of dishonestly authorising payment for the amount to the account of Frilsham Enterprise Incorporated with American Express Bank Ltd, Hongkong, for technical assistance from NKK Corporation, when no such payment was due to the latter. Alternatively, he is charged with dishonestly disposing of the funds by entering into an agreement with NKK Corporation and authorising payment for the amount without the approval of the board of directors or the tender committee of Perwaja Rolling Mill Development Sdn Bhd. He is alleged to have committed both offences as managing director of Perwaja Rolling Mill Development Sdn Bhd at its office at Menara UBN on Jalan P Ramlee here, between Nov 4, 1993, and Feb 22, 1994. Another witness, Jesse Leung Ngai Chow, said he signed a letter on behalf of Apex Corporate Services Limited, directed to American Express Bank, on an application to open a bank account for Frilsham Enterprise Incorporated. Leung, who worked part-time at Apex as the managing director between 1993 and 1994, said the letter needed the signatures of four authorized signatories T. O. Yip, Robert Kong, H. Y Tan and himself. Asked to name the person who gave the instruction to open the account, Leung said it was Yuji Maeda. Apex Corporate Services Limited provides incorporation of companies, company secretarial services, setting up of trusts and trustee, corporation nominee director and operation of bank accounts. Leung agreed that the two signature cards referring to two Frilsham Enterprise bank accounts were dated Feb 2, 1994, and both indicated closure of account on July 7, 1994. Another letter by Yuji Maeda instructed American Express Bank Limited to transfer the amount of 2,890,130,210 yen to Waterfront International Limited through a bank account 9547003126, he said. On the search conducted by Michael Burley, acting chief investigating officer of the Independent Commission Against Corruption (ICAC), Leung said: Although the clients (Frilsham Enterprise) current status report which, was kept by Apex, was struck off, the Hongkong ICAC could still detect and reactivate that data. Leung said he did not know how the ICAC officers, who conducted the search on July 15 this year, could detect the data and added that it was suprising as Frilsham Enterprise was not functioning anymore and its data have been deleted completely. Under cross-examination by lead defence counsel Datuk Muhammad Shafee Abdullah, Leung said the Anti-Corruption Agency in Malaysian made two visits to Apex Corporate Services Ltd for investigations. The first visit was on June 19, 1996, to check some details without any seizure, while the second visit was in April this year. Leung confirmed that Yuji Maeda was the only one who gave any instructions to Apex pertaining to Frilsham Enterprise. Asked how many companies Yuji Maeda had asked Apex to maintain for him, he said: A couple more, such as Sakyo Consultancy Inc. Ltd, Borneo Enterprise. However, when asked whether Sita Investment Ltd was included in the list, Leung replied in the negative. The prosecution led by Attorney-General Tan Sri Gani Patail kept its promise to wrap up on Thursday its recording of evidence here on the alleged money trail pertaining to the RM76. 4 million when it called its sixth and last witness to the stand Cheng Tai Foon, a nominee director of Borneo Enterprise in January 1994. Cheng, who is currently a director in a security firm, said he signed an application to open a bank account in Banque Indosuez on the instruction of Leung, who was his former boss when they were working at an accounting firm, John Byrn and Co. Asked how he got involved in signing as a nominee director, Cheng said Leung often referred cases to him and he admitted that he was also a nominee director of other companies such as Borneo Enterprise.

E Banking Is Branch Of E Commerce Information Technology Essay

E Banking Is Branch Of E Commerce Information Technology Essay E-Banking is a branch of E-Commerce that deals with the implementation of Information and Communication Technology in Business Financial Management. E-banking has come a very long way with millions spent on preparation of technological change just to make banking services accessible to their customers from anywhere, at anytime by just a click of the mouse. E-commerce offers a level playing ground for large businesses, as well as small and medium-scale enterprises (SMEs) to operate in the global market-place; and for regional businesses and communities to participate in social, economic and cultural networks seamlessly across international boundaries (Mary-Anne, 1998) E-banking is a remote delivery channel for banking services ranging from opening an account, transferring funds to more complex form of online transactions like financial product sale, like insurance and brokerage to bill payments and direct debits. Making payments for goods and services in cash or non-cash forms as well as depositing money in financial institutions and managing these resources are an inherent constituent of economic life. Banks serve as important intermediates. In recent years, with the development of technologies and techniques, options for communication with banks are expanding for clients. New services are originating such as home banking, phone banking, internet banking and others. Electronic communication means are particularly coming to the forefront. These are more convenient, faster, and often cheaper for clients. Banking experience shows it is suitable to use combinations of several communication means, depending on individual segments, clients, and types of operations, products and situations. Electronic banking is a service that specifically uses electronic communication forms. Table of Content Introduction Definition E-banking Components Forms of E-banking Automated Teller Machine E-cheque Internet Banking Mail Banking SMS Banking Types of Internet Websites Informational Websites Transactional Websites Benefits of E-Banking Merits to the Customers Merits to the Banking Organisation Merits to the General Economy Global vectors of E-banking E-banking Strategies E-Banking Transactions E-banking Scenario Trends in E-banking Traditional Banking VS Online Banking Merits and Demerits of Online Banking Merits and Demerits of Traditional Banking Problems with Computerization E-Banking in Nigeria: A Case Study Concerns of E-banking In Nigeria Adoption of E-banking In Nigeria Research Design Proposed Model Efforts of the Nigerian Government and the Regulatory Authorities. Conclusion References DEFINATION E-banking can be defined as an electronically automated delivery of modified banking product and services via the use of the internet, World Wide Web, technological devices and interactive communicational channels. E-banking consists of systems that enable financial firm customers, individual and businesses, to transact business; access accounts possess financial product services and information through the internet and the web as a whole. E-Banking can also be referred to as Electronic Fund Transfer (EFT) which simply implies the transfer or funds from one account to another. Electronic banking focuses on the use of ICT to enable the external activities and financial relationships of group of individuals and inter-organisational affairs easy. E-Banking enables financial and non-financial organisations link their internal and external finance system more efficiently, flexibly and effectively, to work closely and build more sustainable relation with suppliers, customers and partners as well as satisfy their expectations. Banking customers gain access to e-banking product and services with the aid of an intelligent technological device ranging from Personal Digital Assistant (PDA), Touch Tone Telephone, Smartphone, pocket surfer, Automated teller machine (ATM) to the mostly used personal Computer (PC). There are various use of E-Banking, this includes: Payment checks: checking if a payment is deposited in an account. Fund Withdrawal from account with the use of an ATM machine which requires a mode of authorisation for security reasons. Setting up Direct debit/automatic payment setup for paying a company or a person. Account monitoring: 24/7 monitoring of what goes on in your account. Use your computer and personal finance software to coordinate your total personal financial management process, integrating data and activities related to your income, spending, saving, investing, recordkeeping, bill-paying and taxes, along with basic financial analysis and decision making E-BANKING COMPONENTS The Electronic banking system can remarkably vary in their configuration pending on several factors. Financial institutions should carefully select and choose their electronic banking system configuration without excluding their outsourcing relationships based of four distinctive factors namely: The strategic aim for electronic banking Technological know-how The system complexity, scale and scope, equipments and activities; and The internal control and security requirements. The support of internal electronic banking services may be selected optionally by financial organisation but alternatively, organisations may outsource any aspect of their electronic banking systems to third parties. Firms that could host electronic banking-related services for financial organisations are: ISP (internet Service providers) A managed security service provider An internet banking software processor and a core banking vendor Other financial institution Credit sorting firm and a credit bureau A bill payment service provider These elements work together in harmony to deliver a great achievement in electronic banking services and each element representing a considerable point of control. Through a combination of both internal and external solutions, management has various options when shaping the overall system formation for the various elements of an e-banking system. Nevertheless, putting simplicity into consideration, one or more technology service provider can host the e-banking application and various network components. The organisations ISP hosts the organisations internet banking server, firewall, website and all necessary security detection system. There are some processes e-banking rely on in order to work as expected and some, if not all of the processes can be seen in operation anytime e-banking is in services and operation where each element represent a considerable control point. Some of these processes seen in a typical e-banking system include: Internal network server A core processing system Security management Network Administration Website design and hosting Firewall configuration and management E-business application (e.g. lending, bill/goods payment) FORMS OF E-BANKING: Automated Teller Machine (ATM) A stand-alone electronic machine in an open area for public use which is connected to a data system and components and then operated by a financial organisations customer to withdraw cash and other account balance and services via a very secure mode of communication. Most ATMs in the UK allow interbank use sometimes for free or charged a a fixed amount and the machines offers cash withdrawal, balance enquiry with printed receipt, money transfer between accounts, mobile top-up as well as fund deposit either in cash or cheques. Every customer belonging to a banking organisation is issued a plastic smartcard which has a chip on it and the chip contains the customers account details and a PIN (personal Identification Number) is issued with the smartcard as a mode of security for the user to access the account. The PIN gives the user authorisation into the account but the PIN has to be matched with that in the record of the card before access is granted and if upon three unsuccessful trials, the account is locked and has to be reactivated but the authority of the banking organisation. E-Cheque As the name suggests, its an electronic cheque. Basically, its the electronic version of a paper cheque which possesses the information and framework as its counterpart and functions exactly as the paper cheque works. Internet Banking This enables account users handle various banking activities via the use of the internet on their personal computer. These activities ranges from 24/7 account monitoring, balance checks, funds transfer and paying bills. To gain access to internet banking, the user must have to sign-up for this feature and in return, the banking organisation issues the customer some authorisation and security measures only to be known to the account user. This includes: An account number A password A security question (as an account confirmation if account number and password matches) A security answer. Mail Banking This enables the possibility for customer to communicate with their banks by electronic mail and the most used of this service is sending bank statements to account holders at an agreed period to the clients mailbox. SMS Banking (short message service banking) This feature allows customers to request for information either from their banks department or for their account balance information with the aid of a text message sent from the clients mobile phone which as well, can be used as both passive and active operation similar to the classic telephone baking. Information sent on request is mostly about current interest rate or exchange rate sent by the bank and this feature is convenient by the bank due to its simplicity and less-protection involved but a password is used. TYPES OF INTERNET WEBSITES Before the web as a whole was opened to members of the public, research and educational organisations and government agencies were able to view and gain available information to each other by the use of text-only websites but since the embrace of the World Wide Web, there has been more website than ever. There are various types of websites namely: Personal websites Community Building website Informational Website Online Business Brochure Blogs Photo Sharing Websites Transactional websites But in this course, two primary types of financial websites will be viewed: informational website and transactional website. INFORMATIONAL WEBSITES As the name suggests informational from information provides numerous customers access to information about a financial organisation products and services. These websites are unique because it allows visitors contribution to readymade articles and journals for editing information to be shared or sold. A business could setup a website to list product, specification, instructions and review about a certain item. This will serve as a lead for people to discover assistant and essence and this site can be linked to an e-business site for better customer experience and even expose the usefulness of your sites existence. An example of informational websites includes google.com and Wikipedia.org, the online encyclopaedia. There are certain risk issues that has to be examined and reviewed due to the nature of information stored and retrieved in informational websites which include: There is a potential access to private and confidential financial/customer information if the website isnt isolated from the financial organisations internal network. There is a huge risk in spreading virus and other malicious programming code to computers communicating with the organisations website Potential customer violations and liability for wrong and insufficient information about products and services and price listing presented on the website; and A negative public view if the organisations on-line website services are defaced. TRANSACTIONAL WEBSITES These website provide customers with the ability to process transactions through a financial organisations website by initiating banking transactions or buying products and services. Banking transactions can range from basic retail account balance inquiry to a large intra-business funds transfer. E-banking services can be classified based on the type of customer and services they support. Common e-banking retail and wholesale services mostly offered by financial institutions are listed in the table below. Retail Services Wholesale Services Account Management Account Management Bill payment and Presentment Cash management New account opening Small business loan applications, approvals, or advances Customer Wire transfer Investment/Brokerage Services Commercial wire transfers Loan application and approval Business-to-business payments Account aggregation Employee benefits/pension administration Common E-Banking services Due to the nature of transactional websites which enables the electronic exchange and transfer of sensitive customer information and funds transfer, these website expose the services of financial organisations to higher risk than any other type of website. Wholesale e-banking systems typically expose financial organisations to the highest level of risk during each transaction, since commercial transactions usually involve larger currency amounts. The following issues should be considered when reviewing transactional e-banking services: Liability for unauthorized transactions; Verification of both new and existing customers accessing e-banking services with the process of authentication; Law violations, customer privacy, anti-terrorism, anti-money laundering; Security control for safeguarding customer information; Fraud loss due to disproval of individuals identity or business applying for new accounts; and Customer dissatisfaction, negative public view and potential liability resulting from failure to process third-party payments as directed or unauthorized access to confidential customer information during storage. BENEFITS OF E-BANKING Since the introduction of e-banking, there has been a rapid spread in its daily use either to the financial organisation or for the customers all around the globe. All financial organisations are making greater use of the facilities provided by e-banking to better the services and to have an edge in the competitive market. The following points summarize the merits of e-banking. Merits to customers: Customers generally, have been distinctively affected in a positive way by E-banking. Ordinary tasks have now been replaced automatically which results in comfort and stress free. The merits include: With the use of ATMs, customers have access to their account to withdraw funds at any time of the day at any ATM cash point throughout the country. Transactions can be done at any time of the day, seven days a week by just a mouse click away. Increase in the usage of smartcards in different format which is widely used across the globe i.e. credit cards and debit cards. Online banking made easy to customers with an online account. Services available in a banks local branch can all be accessed in the banks website. The customer hardly needs to visit the local bank branch only if necessary due to the flexibility provided by the online service. Attractive interest rates and many incentives given out when accounts are opened online. Consolidated portfolio Interface for customers managing their debit, credit, mortgages and other financial assets. Merits to banking organisation When the use of ICT is been incorporated into any business, there are advantages engraved in it due to the growth of E-banking infrastructure and these are sighted below: The wide reach and delivery capabilities of computer network such as the internet are better off than any other branch network. Enormous paper work in the banking sector has been reduced due to the implementation of e-banking. Financial organisation has become highly competitive amongst each other as a result of increase in e-banking. E-banking has helped the banks in controlling their overheads and operating cost. Huge data warehouse for documentation, storage and retrieval of records, transactions and customer details has been sorted out by e-banking. Banks save money in the long run by not paying for tellers or managing branches. Efficiency and customer satisfaction is improved. Huge customer attraction due to online services offered (see image below). e-bill effect.png Source: Aspen Analytics, The E-Bill Effect: The Impact on Customer Attrition from Banks that Offer E-Bill, Nov. 2007 Merits to the general economy: The invention of the internet and the World Wide Web has triggered an electronic/automatic revolution in the financial banking sector with its flexibility and dynamic nature aided in balancing numerous services of banking activities. The adoption and delivery of electronic banking products and services is existing partly as a product of customer demand and because of the rise in competition within the banking sector but many few banks have succeeded in deploying effective strategies for fully utilize the services of the internet. GLOBAL VECTORS OF E-BANKING E-banking has widely serviced both the members of the public as well as the financial organisation which created a creation of a better enabling society that supports growth and development, productivity and prosperity. Setting aside its benefits in form of cost reduction, delivery time saving, high efficiency, waste reduction, electronically controlled e-banking and thoroughly environment monitoring discourage many illegal and illegimate conducts associated with banking industry like frauds, money laundering and embezzlements. Customer database been closely monitored by e-banking. E-banking has also helped in documentation of the economic activity of the masses. Global E-banking organisation is covered by four primary sections namely: E-banking Strategies: key strategies that all banks must utilise to achieve peak value through the electronic channel. E-banking Transactions: this sector deals with cross border transactions, mobile payment, B2B transactions and E-billing system. E-banking Scenario: the state, prospects and issues relating to e-banking and the impact of e-banking on the banking organisation structure. Trends in E-banking: this section focuses on the creation of new technologies in banks. E-BANKING STRATEGIES A study revealed that less than 15 percent of banks with transactional website will reap profits directly as a result to those sites. Therefore, financial organisation must acknowledge the seriousness of the challenge ahead and come up with a strategy that will enable leverage chances presented by the World Wide Web. E-banking relies on the development of new business strategies based on networks. The world has become increasingly inter-connected through telecommunication networks and computers. These offer fast, flexible, and cost-effective ways of doing business. There is no set appropriate strategy in E-banking that is suitable for every banking industry but whether they embark on a defensive or an offensive strategy, they still have to be up to date with the business trends and technological evolution of the Web space although, not every business has been e-business understood. Like Wells Fargo, early electronic businesses espouse, who firstly- not only entered the electronic banking sector but showed flexibility to change as the market expands. The level of e-banking should be well considered by the financial organisation that will provide numerous customer segments based on their needs and risk management assessment. An approved strategic e-banking broad should be consulted before reaching an agreement or final decision should be made with considerations to the customer demands, expertise, expense implementation, maintenance cost, competition and capital support. Financial organisations often consider the most appropriate mode of overall business strategy in terms of publishing its products and services on informational websites or transactional websites which can sometimes used to determine organisational success and to ensure the delivery of those product and services; the financial organisation may possess multiple pages within a website for different business functions. E-banking is a remote delivery channel for banking services ranging from opening an account, transferring funds to more complex form of online transactions like financial product sale, like insurance and brokerage to bill payments and direct debits. Although internet banking is still the most influential and most widely used, a new challenge has emerged in the form of mobile banking which is an additional opportunity for banks to offer basic urgent request for their new and existing customers. Mobile banking allows financial organisations extend their customer relationship and personalized information with the use of new technologies to their valued customers. E-BANKING TRANSACTIONS With the increasing cost of banking transactions, providing numerous customers with cost effective services; huge volume of e-banking transactions are been processed everyday and this is becoming increasingly popular as the number and value of e-banking transactions in the country have shown a rather impressive growth in years. This is achieved with the aid of new technologies which transformed traditional banking transactions. The traditional means of banking involves physically going to the bank to execute all banking operations from the simplest to the complex transactions which the banks had to employ several staffs to attend to the customers enquiries. Electronic Fund Transfers got introduced and this minimised the average customer waiting times by allowing customers to carry out banking transactions on their own and at anytime. There are several practical services offered by Electronic fund Transfers and this includes: The use of Automated Teller Machines otherwise known as ATM or 24-hour tellers are electronic terminals that allows banking almost at anytime of the day. These machines enable bank customers to make deposits, withdraw cash, or transfer funds between accounts. To use this service, account holders make use of a plastic card with chip and a PIN (Personal identification Number) to access the account and carry out necessary actions in the account. Unauthorized users are declined and the card can be block to avoid fraud. Some ATMs are free and some charge a little access fee. E-check conversion converts a paper check into an e-payment in a store or when a firm receives check in the mail. Using the e-check in stores, the cashier runs the e-check through an electronic system that captures the banking details and amount details on the check and stores the record. Thereafter, a receipt is issued as a confirmation of acceptance for the customers record. The e-check functions exactly as the paper check and all terms and conditions are applied equally. Direct Debit Transactions allows payment to be made with a bank debit card in the name of the account holder which also can be your ATM card. Payments for purchases can be used in business stores, shopping outlets, online and over the phone. The process is fast and easy to transfer funds and make payments provided the amount in the account covers all purchase necessary. It should be encouraged to read through the cards terms of use and conditions of the banking organisation. Direct deposit enable authorization of specific deposits such as Social Security checks, pay checks to your account on a regular basis. Pre-authorize withdrawals may also be set up so as to pay recurring bills such as insurance premium, mortgages and utility bills, paid automatically. Phone banking allows instant contact with the bank society to authorize certain payment, transfers, account balance request and transactional acknowledgements to be sent to the account holder over the phone. Agreement has to be made with the banking organisations to use this feature and is sometimes charged at a stated fee. ebanking_chart_howmake.jpg Bank account information is very sensitive and hence, special care should be taken into consideration when giving out details of debit card or credit card either on the internet or over the phone. Financial organisations should be contacted about any protections offered for these transactional cards. E-BANKING SCENARIO E-banking is mostly used in the financial sectors across the globe and it tends to be the lead master in E-business but studies revealed that e-banking still has a lot to offer. E-banking is adopted mostly in developed nations as a mode of working ethics through the availability of the internet as an online bank branch while the developing nations make use of the internet as information dissemination. E-banking started in the early 1980s in New York, US. According to Banking and Finance on the Internet, which was edited by Mary J. Cronin, distinctive banks offered home banking services to individuals and small-businesses to maintain e-check book registers, check account balances and fund transfers between accounts. Although e-banking was introduced in the mid-1970s so as to reduce back-office check-processing costs, the banks which embarked on the system failed to attract enough customers to break even and were deserted in 1989. In 2001, over 50 percent of the banks were offering E-banking services in the US but however, small banking organisations had no competitive merit over huge banks in terms of services rendered although internet business strategies was been implemented. In the 1990s, large banks awaken to the vast popularity and opportunities of the internet to advertise their products and services heavily. According to a research carried out by Online Banking Report, at the end of 1999, less than 0.4 percent of households in the U.S. were using online banking. Later in early 2004, some 33 million U.S. households (equivalent to 31% of the market) were using a form of e-banking or another and five years after, according to Gartner Group Survey, 47 percent of the Americans bank online. The FDIC statistics published revealed that only 40 percent of US banks offer e-banking facilities worth mentioning. The others may possess an online presence but dont have website transactions to prove their existence on the internet. Hence, the internet was used as a brochure without physical interaction to the customers. This offered entry and expansion opportunities that small banks traditionally lack. E-banking arrived in the UK almost simultaneously with the US. It was introduces by the Nottingham Building Society in 1983 which introduced UKs first home banking service via a computerised information service owned by British telecom. Approximately 60 percent of the UK financial industry was centralised in e-business in early 2001 and with the anticipated 10-fold surge of the e-business market in 2005 in UK, the share of the financial services will further increase. Some bank customers turn to internet banking due to dismay with normal procedures, policies and practices. The total cut of human intervention tends to appeal to some people and some people switch to internet banking for security reasons and convenience. This arises because of the assurance banks give to safe guard transactions and better security. The internet is accelerating hard to reset the banking organisation into three divisions namely: production, distribution and advice. This is due to the combined effect of internet drive: New technological equipments to reduce transactional cost and physical bank relationship The adoption of new and more focused business models High degree of uncertainty posed by new entrants on business models. ebanking.jpg E-banking in Europe as well as the rest of the world is still at the evolutionary stage, its obvious that a huge impact is been felt on the traditional way of banking. Large banks in parts of the developed world will surely have a competitive advantage over small banks due to the competence to implement new technologies but are still not prepared. Hence, medium-sized and small banks have a significant role on the electronic banking front end if strict measures can be implemented rapidly and effectively. TRENDS IN E-BANKING The trends in e-baking varies from time to time although e-banking is gaining huge ground from banks operating through websites enabling customers not only to request account checks, interest rates but also to explore a whole wide range of transactional product and services. Internet banking data seems to be scarce and definitional differences make comparison difficult in cross-countries. Internet banking has gained muck popularity in Korea, Spain, Austria, and Switzerland, where all banks offers up to 75 percent on internet services. ebanking_chart_onlineusage.jpg According to a research carried out by yStats.com, a research company founded in 2005 for the research of objective, demand-based and up-to-date data on markets and competitors for top managers, made key findings on the global use of online payments. The Quantitative information on different payment methods used in B2C E-Commerce markets worldwide quotes: In the US, Credit Card (67%) was the preferred payment method for holiday online shopping in 2009, followed by Debit Card (36%). While German men use credit cards for more than 40% of online purchases, women continue to use the traditional direct debit method. Sella (31%) was Italys preferred online payment company in 2009, followed by Cartasi (19%) and PayPal (15%). Furthermore, iDeal was the most accepted payment method in the Netherlands in 2009, with 89% of merchants accepting it. Money Transfer (43%) was the preferred payment method of B2C E-Commerce consumers in China in 2009. TRADITIONAL BANKING VS ONLINE BANKING There are several differences between traditional banking and online banking although some people are still sceptical about the safety of sensitive information when using online banking so therefore, they stick with their old way of banking. The distinctive feature between both is that one is physical and the other is virtual but they both offer the same products and services. The major difference lies in the convenience opportune by online banking specifically when it deals to making payments, obtaining

Art Dealer :: essays research papers

ART DEALER By age five, Michael Irvin loved art and museums but, in retrospect, his was no schoolboy infatuation. Today, his dedication to objets d'art has made him one of the most sought-after art dealers in Southern California. The wares of his perenial treasure hunt span his clients' estates and summer homes, private planes and yachts anchored in Newport Beach and Monte Carlo. But Irvin is not simply a wholesale art dealer, for this stylish art connoisseur describes his work as â€Å"part psychologist, part art consultant,† and he uses his expertise to interpret and translate his clients' artistic expressions. "Many of my clients already have everything. Luxury cars, beautiful jewelry, clothes," said Irvin, a rugged 39-year-old who resembles a bronzed and taller Tom Cruise. "Their homes are their calling cards, and these homes command exquisite art." These demands require a comprehensive understanding of art history, and celebrities like Dr. Phil McGaw and Orange County's elites regularly call Irvin. His client roster is a veritable â€Å"who’s who† of OC society and includes a top Microsoft executive and a Saudi princess. Unlike traditional art dealers who simply locate art for their customers, Irvin consults with clients who have little time to research and are unsure of their decorative choices. He relies on his extensive database of artists and experts amassed over a decade of work, and buys directly from the source at wholesale prices. "Michael has a solid grasp of what his clients want," said Sheldon Harte of Harte Brownlee & Associates, a celebrated interior design firm in Laguna Beach. "He's the best in the business." Despite the posh imagery, Irvin, said his daily routine is anything but glamourous. His typical day involves unloading and carrying heavy canvases, wood panels or sculptures in all shapes and sizes. But Irvin doesn’t complain. The son of a Dallas fireman, Irvin grew up in Texas and was first exposed to opulance and excess during a stint as a chauffeur for Texas oil tycoons. He later worked as a caterer at the mansions of Stanley Marcus, of Neiman Marcus department stores, and society mavens like Anne Bass. "I became acclimated to fine things I'd never seen as a kid," said Irvin, who speaks with a slight, charming Southern accent. "It was a lifestyle I wanted for myself." Irvin went into business moving fine art to athletes’ homes in Colorado and Califorina, then settled in Irvine in 2000 and worked at an art gallery in Laguna.

Social Conditioning of Boys Essay -- Papers Stereotypes Role Essays

Social Conditioning of Boys As everyone knows, within the human race there are males and there are females. We all figure out what our gender identity is at a young age. For boys, male toys like building blocks and trucks and sports like baseball and soccer help a boy form into what society considers to be a man. Society believes that boys should grow up to be strong, dependant and bread winning in order to be a real man. These social standards that are expected from boys, can also be explained by social roles. We are cast into social roles at the moment we are born. These social roles construct boys to be a certain way and follow the set boy code. Boy’s are taught to stay clear from emotional openness, vulnerability, and dependance. We are also taught to not let others know when we feel scared , depressed or when we are happy and in love. The most important rule altogether for boys, is to stay away from anything that people think of as being feminine. Society has made it clear that in order to be a ‘real man’, you must be a leader, successful, in control, confident, d...

Football And Difficulty Of Using It For Development Education Essay

Football is our National athletics. It can be found in all countries of society, from watching unrecorded coverage of games to acquiring up to the minute intelligence on the many athleticss channels on Television, to reading studies, analysis and narratives in our newspapers. It is a moot point in many bars, concerns and schools up and down the state every hebdomad. We have incorporated its nomenclature into our linguistic communication and for some, it can take to many a insomniac dark. It gives intending and provides individuality for a infinite assortment of people. Due to its obvious influence on society, many athleticss administrations now see football non merely as a interest but the ideal tool to prosecute and develop persons, groups and communities likewise. Many companies now use football as a device to help societal inclusion, equality, authorization, to cut down offense and better wellness. Meanwhile, the administrations who, drama, govern and modulate the athletics, in the signifier of the Football Association ( FA ) , clubs both professional and recreational, the FA Premier League and educational establishments, are focused on developing people to play or train the game in its many competitory scenes. Although the athletics generates a immense sum of enthusiasm, utilizing football as a development tool can turn out to be a slightly complicated. Many companies and administrations are utilizing football for grounds that could be construed as selfish, and this brings an air of contradiction to what the FA are endeavoring to accomplish. For illustration in their hunt to happen and develop the following George Best, Trevor Francis, Gary Lineker or Gareth Bale, Professional nine may hold a really different docket to state a community group, who are looking at utilizing football as a device to link with ‘marginalised immature people ‘ . Much is the same with recreational grassroots nines whose chief aim is to better public presentation. These nines would no uncertainty battle to happen the common land with administrations trying to authorise sportsmen/women with disablements. These issues are non uncommon in the ‘football household ‘ , and as a consequence, footba ll development has become a widely debated topic. This does n't intend that nil positive has come from the work done by the administrations concerned. However, as football dramas such an of import portion in our civilization, it is of import to understand the political relations and concern involvements of those concerned with the athletics before anyone can come to any existent decisions about the potency it has to offer as an effectual medium for the development of athleticss or societal intercession. Over the last 20 old ages at that place has been an inflow of books, paperss and studies that reflect the more serious side of football and its impact on society. This dates back to the 1980s when football had taken a downward spiral and arguments on the best manner to run the athletics was really taken up by the authorities who were sing direct ordinance of the game. This action was brought approximately due to the catastrophes of Heysel, Bradford and Hillsborough every bit good as the rise in vandalism. Their reaction was to endanger the evidently uninterested football governments with an array of drastic steps that if applied could hold had damaging effects on the athletics from grassroots to the professional phase. However, the publication in 1989 of the Heysel and Taylor Reports seemed to quiet issues down slightly, and opened up chances for province and corporate investing. This saw the gradual rise of professionalism and commerce within the administrations responsible for foot ball. From the early 1990s, Football gained more on a repute for professionalism as bowl up and down the state were refurbished or freshly built, which hastened the ‘gentrification ‘ of the athletics. Around this clip, involvement began to look within academic circles as Rogan Taylor, the inspiration behind the Football Supporters Association, founded a research undertaking at the University of Liverpool. This was followed by others within instruction that brought approximately and applied new thoughts, techniques and different positions on surveies and probes based on the athletics. Then in 1996, England was hosts to European Championships. This set the phase to demo how the athleticss popularity had increased, which confirmed to the so in power Labour Party that football had become deserving of authorities attending. However, despite the obvious spin and election tactics of MPs playing football with top names in football and the similar, politicians did hold concerns on the general province and way of the game. There were to five chief facets of concern: The first was based on the manner the Football Association conducted its direction and ordinance of the game as a whole. There was a figure of people/groups that saw the FA as the prima figure responsible for the use of the athletics refering its commercial involvements ; the downgrading of such competitions as the FA Cup ; fishy fiscal direction that saw the FA squander money and the inconsistent public presentation of our national squad. The one concern was to how the 92-member FA Council represented the many avenues of involvement in the game, if at all! Second, issues were raised on nine ownership and the manner that they were being run. The debut of the FA Premier League brought about a displacement in club ownership. This saw many protagonists marginalised as a consequence. A perfect illustration of this was the death of Wimbledon FC, a squad I had supported since the 80 ‘s, nevertheless there is an of all time turning list of nines being consumed and destroyed by those with their ain docket and vested concern involvements. The 3rd issue related to the extent of corruptness and inside trades within the game. With the addition in agents in the athletics came what was known as the spile civilization, whereby big sums of hard currency was passed to procure transportation trades over other nines. It had been uncovered that wagering frauds were taking topographic point within the game. These were all causes for concern. Forth on the list looked at how all communities were being represented in regard of their engagement, spectatorship and disposal. Top of the list was the inclusion of females within the game, nevertheless, this shortly included people with disablements and cultural minorities. Finally, there was a belief that clubs both professional and amateur could and should affect themselves with programmes in their communities. This concerns the development and instruction of immature football players between the age of 5 and 15 every bit good as inventing a community development plan where football would be used as a societal intercession. Over the last 14 old ages policy and academic work on all these facets has shown important addition. A major drift for this came from the Department for Culture, Media and Sport when they commissioned the Football Task Force who were responsible for fresh disapprobation of the FA, in the signifier of documents, texts and books, which called for a greater betterment in their administration of the athletics. However, defeat grew due to the obstinate stance taken by the FA in regard of this affair which in bend saw farther force per unit area applied by a twine of Curates of Sport. In 2004 the FA Council authorised Lord Burns to carry on a reappraisal on the athletics, which after the concluding study saw the FA commit to new administration processs, welcome democratic representation and promote football engagement, whatever form it takes to all. However, this was no easy undertaking as despite the enormous popularity the athletics commands, it does non hold a great standing in its history in relation to societal inclusion. The athletics has ever had a ‘club ‘ based nature about it, particularly when it comes to the male, white, aged, in-between category predomination of the regulating organic structure, that has restricted entree to football for many communities/groups and peoples over the past 100+ old ages. Discrimination in its many signifiers has been rampant within the athletics and this is argued that despite the promotions made within the athletics over the last 20 old ages or so, the stigma of these historic attitudes has left its grade Changing attitudes within the FA have led to several enterprises and runs being launched which are aimed at puting new criterions within the game as a whole. The ‘Kick It Out ‘ run, ( ab initio established in 1993 and re-launched in 2009 ) focuses on equality and inclusion within the game. It was ab initio designed as a usher for professional nines for developing and accomplishing criterions and policies within their administration, but has since cascaded down to the recreational game every bit good as community based undertakings and educational institutes to dispute favoritism, promote inclusive patterns and work for positive alteration. Premier League Chief Executive, Richard Scudamore welcomed the debut of the Equality Standard saying that: â€Å" Baseball clubs can hold an highly positive influence on their fans every bit good as in the communities around them so it ‘s of import that they show how they embrace diverseness and are unfastened and accessible to everyone. † Although there has been a positive swing in the inclusion of cultural groups in regard of their entree to football and patterned advance within it, there still remains a major on traveling undertaking for the FA to guarantee that they break down all the barriers, and non merely in regard of pulling participants to the game. The door needs to be opened to pulling possible referees, decision makers, managers, voluntaries and witnesss to the game. Another country of growing within the athletics has been within the handicapped communities. Prior to 1999 there was really limited support by the FA refering the development of disablement football, as they found it about impossible to make an inclusive scheme for handicapped football. However, in 1999 the first national disablement football programme ‘Ability Counts ‘ was launched. This was seen by many as the first stairss in placing and developing gifted participants through experient coaching and led the manner to increasing engagement in the disablement game. In response to several Government policy paperss in 2001 the FA produced a strategic model for football development in England. One of the cardinal points within this papers was entitled ‘Opportunities for all ‘ which charged the FA with the duty to guarantee everybody had the chance to play, manager, manage, referee and be witnesss irrespective of their race, civilization, faith, gender, ability, sexual orientation, ethnicity or societal position. In add-on to this the FA besides introduced its first Disability Football Strategy ( 2004-2006 ) and this gave manner to incorporating disablement football into the ‘mainstream ‘ . Disability football now has a overplus of conferences, non merely across the state but nationally every bit good. About all of the 92 football conference nines every bit good as non conference nines have some signifier of disablement development. Disability football ‘ representation at International degrees is fast developing, with squads now viing in European and World Championships. The England National Squad boasts 7 different damage squads covering Amputee, Blind, Cerebral Palsy, Deaf, Learning Disability, Partially Sighted and Women ‘s Deaf squad. Many chances have opened up for those interested in working with handicapped football players either at club degree or in the community. The FA ‘s class on ‘Coaching Disabled Football players ‘ is designed to give already qualified football managers and instructor ‘s alike a scope of thoughts and patterns to enable the inclusion of handicapped participants in football Sessionss within mainstream or d amage specific Sessionss. A cardinal component of the FA ‘s scheme of inclusivity has been the debut of mini association football, which is played with smaller squads such as 5, 6 and 7-a-side The exclusive intent of the debut of mini association football back in the 1990s was to enable kids under the age of 11 to bask the game on a smaller graduated table. This allowed the kid to hold more touches of the ball, developing their creativeness and set the phase for them to develop their accomplishments. However, due to its popularity mini association football spread across the state like wildfire and within 18 months nines countrywide had recruited squads of all ages under the age of 10. As you might anticipate, these lucifers are frequently watched by the parents, defenders, friends and relations, which frequently creates an unwelcome pressurised environment for the kid. Concerns on what impact this may hold on the kid ‘s public assistance has been covered within the work of Brackenridge et Al †˜s ( 2007 ) , and moreover the effects of some of the grownup input at these games has been highlighted as a job. This has been addressed by the FA with the debut of their Respect programme The biggest success the FA have had to day of the month in regard of their equality and diverseness run comes with the go oning growing of the Women ‘s and Girls ‘ game, which officially boasts more participants viing in attached competition than any other female squad athletics. Numbers have continued to lift since 1993, when the figure of female participants was said to be about 10,000, compared to today where it is over 180,000. This growing was highlighted in Sport England ‘s Active People study of 2008 which stated that 260,000 adult females and 1.1 million misss play some signifier of football in England. 26 million females where flagged as playing across the universe, of which 4.1 million are playing attached football, bespeaking a 54 per cent growing since the twelvemonth 2000 ( FIFA Big Count 2006 ) . The female engagement in the game does non halt at playing competitory football either, as over 20,000 females have successfully attained FA training makings, which includes 150 Degree 3 – UEFA ‘B ‘ managers, and full-time adult females ‘s Football Development Military officers are now employed across the state. The female game has gained a really respectful audience and is traveling from strength to strength. The success of the female national manager, Hope Powell, is a testimony of the journey made within the adult females ‘s game. Player tracts are now more defined and the gap of many Centres of Excellence within local nines allows for greater participant engagement and patterned advance. The figure of gifted participants that emerge from these Centres to travel into the national side is grounds of their success. 2011 will see the launch of the FA Women ‘s Super League, a semi-professional conference for Women ‘s Association Football Club s that will be seen as the highest degree of adult females ‘s football in England. This without a uncertainty will raise the profile of the female game even more within local communities. The promotions made through the publicity of the game over the old ages has opened manner to a battalion of classs that persons can now take to acquire formal makings that enable greater participant in the universe of football. Gone are the yearss where paid engagement in the game meant being entirely involved with the professional side of football. Through the FA entirely you can inscribe on a assortment of classs depending on your country of involvement. These classs are designed to run into the demands of persons depending on their old cognition, experience or involvement in football. There are varied degrees of expertness that can be achieved through the classs that cater for Coaches, Referees, Sports Scientists and Medics, Psychologists, those involved with Child Protection and Safeguarding and FA Coachs who are involved with training the managers. The FA has besides given its support to the immense springs and bounds made within the athletics through the work Universities, Colleges and Schools. All three dressed ore on developing the game at the grassroots degree, from the observations of Football Development Officers, made up from a work force of alumnuss whose intent is to back up all countries of male and female football development throughout the county, to the many classs put on by schools and colleges that range from NVQ Levels 1, 2 and 3 in Coaching Teaching & A ; Instructing Association Football to BTEC Awards in Sport. These classs can be farther pursued to Level 4+ through University. However, due to the FA ‘s changeless ordinance of the athletics to guarantee that all participants are being educated in the right mode, it has become indispensable that all ‘educational Centres ‘ whatever their pretense, adhere to the professional values set out by the administration. The NVQ classs for illustration h ave a really rigorous appraisal process to guarantee that all countries of instruction are being met. As the scholar begins their journey on the class they are assessed continually by theory and practical activities designed to prove how far they have travelled. These appraisals are chiefly conducted by the topic instructor nevertheless, over the class twelvemonth internal vouchers from the institute and external vouchers from the presenting organic structure every bit good as the FA execute their ain appraisals. On top of this there are reviews from OFSTED who will describe on the quality of the class. All those involved with learning within the instruction and preparation sectors have to play a critical function to guarantee that professional development demands are continually met. This begins from the design and bringing of the classs, whether its Football Coaching or Child Protection, working with the feedback gathered from such appraisals, observations and reviews is indispensable to the academic and accomplishments development docket. Having worked as a football manager before come ining learning I can to the full appreciate the demand for professionalism within the acquisition sector, holding upheld the criterions set out by the FA for many old ages. Both managers and instructors likewise need to demo a high degree of committedness to back uping pupil acquisition, and within that committedness the values and attitudes that underpin the work of instructors should ever be incorporated. Each instructor should by taking to accomplish this by holding high outlooks of all pupils, helping and back uping accomplishments and raising the saloon for them to force even higher ; handling all pupils with the same regard no affair what their cultural, faith or cultural background ; and ever advancing positive values, attitudes and behavior. It is besides indispensable that all instructors and managers take duty for their ain continued professional development, every bit good as bettering their ain instruction through self-motiv ation and contemplation of their ain pattern. I personally use a wise man who has aided my acquisition and development vastly. Through the usage of my wise man I have been able to make and accomplish finishs that have been laid out for me. This has been possible due to the partnership I have built with my wise man over the old ages. Bing a trusted co-worker, working along side them has helped me to critically measure my ain instruction in regard of analyzing my strengths and failings, which in bend has developed my instruction accomplishments and professional qualities within the function. Taking a professional stance when meeting duties, being antiphonal to advice, and taking a positive attack to the function are all indispensable for this partnership to work. Between the two of us we have brought many different accomplishments, thoughts and solutions to the class we both teach, which has helped develop the current construction of the class. This has besides been made accomplishable through the work we both do with the County FA. As antecedently mentioned, the FA behavior appraisals and ratings of their ain, throughout the continuance of the class. These look at content, quality, training methods, ratings and appraisals. Regular meetings are held with FA Tutors and Coach Educators to discourse and guarantee that all classs being put on meet the criterions set out by the FA and fall into line with the outlooks of current course of study and pupil development. Kolb ‘s Experiential Learning Cycle ( 1984 ) is an of all time on traveling procedure for both the FA awarding organic structures, instructors, managers and pupils likewise, leting for development demands of pedagogue and pupil to be met at all times. To better my ain development I have embarked on fostering my cognition of training on two foreparts. First, I have undertaken my 3rd training making, the FA Level 3/UEFA B Licence, which in coaching footings is the start of the serious terminal of the concern. This will give me more insight into the game and will decidedly heighten the learning experience of the pupils. Second, The FA has late introduced a new twine of training makings designed at training kids. The FA Youth Award has been designed to provide strictly for the demands of pupils from the ages of 5-15. The initial faculties of the class looks at how to make the right environment for the kid to larn and how to develop pattern Sessionss which can be tailored harmonizing to the age, ability and experience of different immature participants. This will be my following venture when I have successfully passed my the FA Level 3/UEFA B Licence as I believe this cognition would be priceless plus to my go oning turning arsenal of learning cognition and resources. The journey football has made over the last 20 old ages has been slightly of a rough one, However, the message the FA are directing out is that football is for everyone and this grounds can now be seen within towns and communities and even farther afield in many states across the universe. The continued advancement made by the FA by presenting new and improved classs, every bit good as supplying an on-line resource called FA Learning, is promoting to state the least. Football has become an instruction in itself whereby those involved addition cognition and development through the proficient, physical, psychological and societal facets of the game. Whether there is a turning hereafter within educational institutes for the instruction of managers ‘ remains to be seen, in visible radiation of the recent fiscal cuts implemented by the authorities that has affected many athleticss classs state broad within schools and colleges. However, the FA will go on to endeavor to bring forth q uality classs, managers and pedagogues in its mission to convey football to all. Mention