Introduction to Philosophy Essay

I. Pre-Socratic bound alike known as the Cosmological Period (cosmos nitty-gritty universe) *questions about tender-hearted existence and subsistence (basic needs) Pre-Socratic Greek philosophers Anaxagoras Thales (he held that water is the fundamental stuff of all things, saying All is water) Anaximander Xenophanes Heraclitus Anaximenes Empiricism a theory which states that knowledge comes only or primarily from sensory experience II. Socratic Period also known as the Era of Scientific Discoveries III. Church Period also known as the Theological/Dogmatic Period.Dogmatic from the word dogma (teachings of the Catholic church) Martin Luther the most controversial bishop during his time he questioned the teachings of the Catholic church IV. Rebellion Period also known as the Period of Protestantism *Martin Luther started Protestantism and established the Lutheran church he questioned the indispensability of the pontis and the institution of the sacraments (holy order a nd marriage) division of the Catholic church Roman Catholic Greek Orthodox 4 legal systems English law Roman law Arabic/Mohammedan law Anglo-American law.V. Renaissance Period renaissance meaning rebirth also known as the Arts and Literature Period (which focused on worship) VI. Modern Period also known as the Period of Industrialization ? introduction to machines ? social problem of unemployment arose ? battle between man and machines 2 social classes ? bourgeoisie the ruling class of the two basic classes of capitalistic hunting lodge, consisting of capitalists, manufacturers, bankers, and other employers.The bourgeoisie owns the most important of the means of production, through which it exploits the working class ?proletariat the class of workers, especially industrial wage earners, who do not possess capital or property and must sell their labor to survive, the lowest or poorest class of people Friedrich Engels mentor of Karl Marx *.Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels campaigned for a classless society known as communism communism the political and economical doctrine that aims to replace private property and a profit-based economy with public ownership and common control of at least the major means of production (e. g. , mines, mills, and factories) and the natural resources of a society people dont have private ownership. das Kapital one of the major works of the 19th-century economist and philosopher Karl Marx (181883), in which he expounded his theory of the capitalist system, its dynamism, and its tendencies toward self-destruction. He described his purpose as to lay bare the economic law of motion of modern society. Lenin and Stalin leaders of the Russian Revolution who first introduced communism COMMUNISM (zero ownership) SOCIALISM (ownership by few) DEMOCRACY (controlled by the majority of people) definition of Philosophy from the words de finire meaning to limit 3 types of definition 1.Etymological derived from the word etymos me aning origin Etymology of Philosophy by Pythagoras philia (love) sophia (wisdom) greek words 2. noun phrase derived from the word nomen meaning name 3. Real definition maybe conceptual or operational definition Real definition of Philosophy a skill of beings that investigates the ultimate causes of things, events, etc. , with the aid of human reason alone *philosophers investigate by asking questions human reason the instrument in school of thought branches of information ? natural ? social ?Physical botany philosophy e. g. physics e. g. e.g. beings subject matter of philosophy anything that exists 2 types of beings a) potential exists without intrinsical contradiction b) actual exists with intrinsic contradiction uncreated God (theology focused on the written report of God) created living man plants animals soul soul soul rational vegetative sensitive non-living universe (cosmology study of the universe) outside the universe (metaphysics from the word meta mean ing beyond) principles of life soul life spirit principle of unity what makes man unique? his characteristics characteristics of man? automobile trunk and soul (rational psychology study of soul existence) ? tree trunk without soul corpse ? soul without body ghost ? intellect to know the truth (logic correct argumentation epistemology validity of human knowledge) ? will in search of good (ethics or moral philosophy) branches of philosophy connected to man rational psychology deals with spirituality and religion logic deals with mental and psychological circumstances epistemology deals with physiological/bi ological aspect ethics deals with the physical aspect of man Phenomenological method method of knowing man.Edmund Husserl a mathematician, modern philosopher, and the main proponent of phenomenology steps in phenomenological method i. epoche method of bracketing mans natural attitudes (e. g. , biases or prejudices) ii. eidetic reduction from the word eidos meanin g essence method of reducing the events to its essence to know the real importance of the phenomenon iii. phenomenological transcendental reduction method of reducing the essence to its subject ? to the very activeness itself love disinterested giving of oneself to other being kinds of love fraternal. paternal/maternal erotic romantic Understanding the Nature of Philosophical Inquiry *on the distinction between philosophy and natural science natural science ? scientific investigation What is Philosophy by Lauer, S. J. (philosophy in physical science) *can philosophy be taught? philosophy can be defined by doing it *why do we harm philosophy when we define it? philosophy is essentially a combat-ready process, the attempt to define it is to stop the process *philosophy is an attitude, a way of life, responsible thinking and not a discipline not a body of knowledge.